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Illustration of the rotator cuff muscles that stabilize the shoulder joint.
I

Infraspinatus

...the upper limb at the shoulder. Blood supply: Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2026) Fig 1 The rotator cuff muscles, which act to stabilise the shoulder joint....

Transverse section of the axilla region highlighting its borders.
Anatomical Areas

The Axilla Region

The axilla is a pyramidal region located inferior to the glenohumeral joint and shoulder girdle, at the junction of the upper limb and thoracic wall. It acts as a passageway...

Illustration of the coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis muscles in the anterior upper arm.
C

Coracobrachialis

...the medial aspect of the humerus shaft (at the level of the deltoid tubercle). Function: Flexion of the arm at the shoulder. It is also a weak adductor at the...

Diagram illustrating the extracranial pathway of the accessory nerve (CN XI).
The Cranial Nerves

The Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

...to rotate their head and shrug their shoulders, both normally and against resistance. Simply observing the patient may also reveal signs of muscle wasting in the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius in...

Illustration of the deltoid and teres major muscles, highlighting their anatomical structure and relation to the circumflex scapular artery.
T

Teres Major

The teres major is an intrinsic muscle of the shoulder region. It forms the inferior border of the quadrangular space – the space that the axillary nerve and posterior circumflex...

Illustration of the superficial muscles of the back, highlighting their anatomical positions.
T

Trapezius

The trapezius is an extrinsic muscle of the shoulder. It is a broad, flat and triangular shape – forming a trapezoid shape in combination with the contralateral side. Attachments: Originates...

Illustration of the superficial muscles of the back, highlighting their anatomical positions.
L

Latissimus Dorsi

The latissimus dorsi is an extrinsic muscle of the shoulder. Attachments: Originates from the spinous processes of T7-T12, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia and the inferior three ribs. The fibres converge...

Diagram illustrating the course of the thoracoacromial trunk and its four terminal branches.
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Thoracoacromial Artery

The thoracoacromial artery (thoracoacromial trunk) is a short branch of the axillary artery. It contributes to the blood supply of the shoulder and pectoral region. Course The thoracoacromial artery arises...

S

Subscapular Artery

The subscapular artery is a branch of the axillary artery. It provides arterial supply to muscles and skin of the shoulder, thoracic wall and upper limb. Course The subscapular artery...

Proximal portion of the brachial plexus illustrated in the neck.
Nerves of the Upper Limb

The Brachial Plexus

...suprascapular, and nerve to subclavius. Muscles affected – supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subclavius, biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis, deltoid and teres minor. Motor functions affected – abduction at shoulder, lateral rotation of arm,...

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