The Scapula - Podcast Version 0:00 / 0:00 1x 0.25x 0.5x 0.75x 1x 1.25x 1.5x 1.75x 2x The scapula is also known as the shoulder blade. It articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. In doing so, the scapula connects the upper limb to the trunk. It is a triangular, flat bone, which serves as a site for attachment for many (17!) muscles. In this article, we shall look at the anatomy of the scapula – its bony landmarks, articulations, and clinical correlations. Pro Feature - 3D Model You've Discovered a Pro Feature Access our 3D Model Library Explore, cut, dissect, annotate and manipulate our 3D models to visualise anatomy in a dynamic, interactive way. Learn More Costal Surface The costal (anterior) surface of the scapula faces the ribcage. It contains a large concave depression over most of its surface, known as the subscapular fossa. The subscapularis (rotator cuff muscle) originates from this fossa. Originating from the superolateral surface of the costal scapula is the coracoid process. It is a hook-like projection, which lies just underneath the clavicle. Three muscles attach to the coracoid process: the pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and the short head of the biceps brachii. By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2026) Fig 1The costal surface of the scapula. Lateral Surface The lateral surface of the scapula faces the humerus. It is the site of the glenohumeral joint, and of various muscle attachments. Its important bony landmarks include: Glenoid fossa – a shallow cavity, located superiorly on the lateral border. It articulates with the head of the humerus to form the glenohumeral (shoulder) joint. Supraglenoid tubercle – a roughening immediately superior to the glenoid fossa. The place of attachment of the long head of the biceps brachii. Infraglenoid tubercle – a roughening immediately inferior to the glenoid fossa. The place of attachment of the long head of the triceps brachii. By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2026) Fig 2Lateral view of the scapula. Posterior Surface The posterior surface of the scapula faces outwards. It is a site of origin for the majority of the rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder. It is marked by: Spine – the most prominent feature of the posterior scapula. It runs transversely across the scapula, dividing the surface into two. Acromion – projection of the spine that arches over the glenohumeral joint and articulates with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. Infraspinous fossa – the area below the spine of the scapula, it displays a convex shape. The infraspinatus muscle originates from this area. Supraspinous fossa – the area above the spine of the scapula, it is much smaller than the infraspinous fossa, and is more convex in shape. The supraspinatus muscle originates from this area. By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2026) Fig 3The posterior surface of the scapula. Articulations The scapula has two main articulations: Glenohumeral joint – between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus. Acromioclavicular joint – between the acromion of the scapula and the clavicle. Clinical Relevance Fractures of the Scapula Fractures of the scapula are relatively uncommon, and if they do occur, it is an indication of severe chest trauma. They are frequently seen in high speed road collisions, crushing injuries, or sports injuries. The fractured scapula does not typically require fixation as the tone of the surrounding muscles holds the pieces in place for healing to occur. Do you think you’re ready? Take the quiz below Pro Feature - Quiz The Scapula Question 1 of 3 Submitting... Skip Next Rate question: You scored 0% Skipped: 0/3 1800 More Questions Available Upgrade to TeachMeAnatomy Pro Challenge yourself with over 1800 multiple-choice questions to reinforce learning Learn More Frequent questions What is the scapula and what is its function? The scapula, commonly known as the shoulder blade, is a triangular, flat bone that connects the upper limb to the trunk. It plays a crucial role in articulating with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint and the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. What muscles attach to the scapula? The scapula serves as an attachment site for 17 muscles, including the subscapularis, which originates from the subscapular fossa on its costal surface, and the infraspinatus and supraspinatus, which originate from the infraspinous and supraspinous fossae, respectively. Where is the glenoid fossa located on the scapula? The glenoid fossa is situated on the lateral surface of the scapula, superiorly on the lateral border. It forms the articulation point with the head of the humerus, creating the glenohumeral joint. What is the clinical significance of scapula fractures? Scapula fractures are rare and typically indicate severe chest trauma, often resulting from high-impact incidents such as road collisions or sports injuries. These fractures usually heal without surgical intervention due to the stabilising effect of surrounding muscles. How does the scapula contribute to shoulder movement? The scapula facilitates shoulder movement by providing attachment points for multiple muscles and allowing for a range of motion at the glenohumeral joint. Its articulations with the humerus and clavicle enable complex movements of the upper limb. Rate This Article