Bones of the Back

Overview

The vertebral column forms the central supporting structure of the back, protecting the spinal cord and enabling a wide range of movements. This section introduces its major components and the organisation of its cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal regions.

Key Structures

Content covers vertebral anatomy, intervertebral joints and supporting ligaments. The section explains vertebral features and the functional differences between spinal regions.

Clinical Relevance and Learning Focus

Understanding the vertebral column is essential for interpreting back pain, spinal trauma, degenerative disease and neurological signs. This foundation supports imaging interpretation, physical examination and procedural planning.

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The Vertebral Column

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Illustration of the course of the long ciliary nerves, highlighting their origin from the nasociliary nerve.
Encyclopaedia

Long Ciliary Nerves

by Gabor Szloboda

Diagram illustrating the course of the lacrimal nerve.
Encyclopaedia

Lacrimal Nerve

by Dieudonne Nabayo

Illustration of the second layer of the plantar muscles, highlighting the quadratus plantae and lumbricals in the human foot.
Encyclopaedia

Quadratus Plantae

by Sanya Trikha