The Brainstem

Overview

The brainstem forms the connection between the spinal cord and higher brain centres, coordinating vital autonomic functions and housing cranial nerve nuclei. This section introduces its major components and internal organisation.

Key Structures

Topics include the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Each page highlights the nuclei, pathways and functional zones that define these regions.

Clinical Relevance and Learning Focus

Understanding brainstem anatomy is critical for localising neurological deficits, interpreting cranial nerve signs and recognising life-threatening conditions such as stroke and brainstem compression.

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Illustration depicting the external anatomy of the midbrain, highlighting details relevant to the oculomotor nerve.

The Midbrain

Illustration of the ventral (anterior) surface of the pons, highlighting its anatomical features.

The Pons

Anterior view of the medulla oblongata, highlighting its surface details.

The Medulla Oblongata

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Overview illustration of the biliary tree, highlighting the anatomy and connections related to the gallbladder.
The Accessory Organs of the Abdomen

The Gallbladder

by Matt Baguley

Illustration of the tendinous borders of the anatomical snuffbox, highlighting key tendons.
Anatomical Areas

The Anatomical Snuffbox

by Dr Oliver Jones

Diagram illustrating the external and internal intercostals muscles of the thoracic wall.
Encyclopaedia

Internal Intercostals

by Dr Oliver Jones