The Brainstem

Overview

The brainstem forms the connection between the spinal cord and higher brain centres, coordinating vital autonomic functions and housing cranial nerve nuclei. This section introduces its major components and internal organisation.

Key Structures

Topics include the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Each page highlights the nuclei, pathways and functional zones that define these regions.

Clinical Relevance and Learning Focus

Understanding brainstem anatomy is critical for localising neurological deficits, interpreting cranial nerve signs and recognising life-threatening conditions such as stroke and brainstem compression.

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Illustration depicting the external anatomy of the midbrain, highlighting details relevant to the oculomotor nerve.

The Midbrain

Illustration of the ventral (anterior) surface of the pons, highlighting its anatomical features.

The Pons

Anterior view of the medulla oblongata, highlighting its surface details.

The Medulla Oblongata

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Diagram illustrating the borders of the triangular interval.
Anatomical Areas

The Triangular Interval

by Dr Oliver Jones

Illustration of the obturator canal, showing the obturator membrane within the obturator foramen of the pelvis.
Encyclopaedia

Obturator Artery

by Charlotte Eeckelers

Posterior view of the left proximal tibiofibular joint.
Joints of the Lower Limb

Tibiofibular Joints

by Schnell D'Sa