The Brainstem

Overview

The brainstem forms the connection between the spinal cord and higher brain centres, coordinating vital autonomic functions and housing cranial nerve nuclei. This section introduces its major components and internal organisation.

Key Structures

Topics include the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata. Each page highlights the nuclei, pathways and functional zones that define these regions.

Clinical Relevance and Learning Focus

Understanding brainstem anatomy is critical for localising neurological deficits, interpreting cranial nerve signs and recognising life-threatening conditions such as stroke and brainstem compression.

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Illustration depicting the external anatomy of the midbrain, highlighting details relevant to the oculomotor nerve.

The Midbrain

Illustration of the ventral (anterior) surface of the pons, highlighting its anatomical features.

The Pons

Anterior view of the medulla oblongata, highlighting its surface details.

The Medulla Oblongata

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Illustration of the second layer of the plantar muscles, highlighting the quadratus plantae and lumbricals in the human foot.
Encyclopaedia

Quadratus Plantae

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Illustration of the two orbital muscles of facial expression: Orbicularis Oculi and Corrugator Supercilii.
Encyclopaedia

Orbicularis Oculi

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Overview of the anatomical course of the facial nerve (CN VII).
The Cranial Nerves

The Facial Nerve (CN VII)

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