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The Humerus
The humerus is a long bone of the upper limb, which extends from the shoulder to the elbow. The proximal aspect of the humerus articulates with the glenoid fossa of…
Muscles of the Upper Arm
The upper arm is located between the shoulder joint and elbow joint. It contains four muscles – three in the anterior compartment (biceps brachii, brachialis, coracobrachialis), and one in the…
Subscapular Artery
The subscapular artery is a branch of the axillary artery. It provides arterial supply to muscles and skin of the shoulder, thoracic wall and upper limb. Course The subscapular artery…
The Scapula
The scapula is also known as the shoulder blade. It articulates with the humerus at the glenohumeral joint, and with the clavicle at the acromioclavicular joint. In doing so, the…
The Superficial Back Muscles
The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups – superficial, intermediate and deep: Superficial – associated with movements of the shoulder. Intermediate – associated with movements of…
The Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
…the patient to rotate their head and shrug their shoulders, both normally and against resistance. Simply observing the patient may also reveal signs of muscle wasting in the sternocleidomastoid and…
Thoracoacromial Artery
The thoracoacromial artery (thoracoacromial trunk) is a short branch of the axillary artery. It contributes to the blood supply of the shoulder and pectoral region. Course The thoracoacromial artery arises…
The Clavicle
…In thin individuals, it is visible under the skin. The clavicle has three main functions: Attaches the upper limb to the trunk as part of the ‘shoulder girdle’. Protects the…
The Musculocutaneous Nerve
…Motor Functions The musculocutaneous nerve innervates the muscles in the anterior compartment of the arm: Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis These muscles flex the upper arm at the shoulder and the…
Infraspinatus
…upper limb at the shoulder. Blood supply: Suprascapular and circumflex scapular arteries By TeachMeSeries Ltd (2023) Fig 1 – The rotator cuff muscles, which act to stabilise the shoulder joint….